Background and purpose: Schools are the most appropriate and reliable places for training and educating students. If health principles are not observed in schools, students will be prone to different kinds of health problems. Thus the aim of this research is to study the environmental indices in primary schools in the Behshahr city in 2012.Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study.20 private and governmental primary schools affiliated to ministry of education were selected using census method. Data were collected in the questionnaire prepared based on the environmental standard of the ministry of health. The questionnaire was filled during interviews with school principal and direct observation. The data were analyzed using, Excel, and SPSS softwares.Results: The results of this search showed the hygienic statues of schools in water supplying (85%), waste water disposal (75%) and washbasins (70%), garbage disposal (100%) were favorable. But they were unfavorable for playground 90%, green area 95%, lavatory with flash tank and ventilation 80% window without net 90% and fire extinguishing capsule 80%.The findings also showed a significant difference between the health statuses of different schools.Conclusion: Most (80%) schools had a pleasant situation or a relatively acceptable hygiene regarding the health instruction guide for schools' environment. This requires more attention of the authorities towards the improvement and promotion of the hygienic status of schools.

Background: Recently, the rapid increase in quantity and type of waste has resulted to environmental pollution and health hazards which serve as a major challenge to humans. The level of this waste can be so high that dangerous chemicals and biological contaminants can be found in ordinary household waste. Major sources of waste in every city are mostly from care/health centers. Hence, this study aims to investigate the quantitative and qualitative waste taken from hospitals in the city. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, four city hospitals were examined in the city. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed for quantitative analysis method and weighing scales based on the Ministry of Health questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and for statistical analyses, Excel and Graph Pad Prism 5 were used. Results: According to findings, the total amount of hospital waste comprising infectious waste, sharp and pharmaceutical chemicals were related to Imam Khomeini hospital with values of 44 220 012 and 10 kg per day respectively, with 220 kg per day of general waste related to same hospital. Hence, the total weight of waste produced per capita, for infectious waste, general waste, chemical waste, and sharp-machinery were 2. 35 ± 0. 25, 0. 39 ± 0. 075, 1. 25 ± 0. 66, 0. 05 ± 0. 028 and 0. 021 ± 0. 015 kg per day per bed respectively. Conclusion: The data should be more focused on waste management and frequent orientation to hospitalized patients. This evaluation indicates the poor management of hospital wastes in view of collection, separation, infectious waste care, temporary storage station and on-time transmission and health disposal.

Introduction: Lack of knowledge and low levels of information related to various issues of pregnancy among women can create problems and increase medical interventions. This study aimed to identity information needs of pregnant women referred to health centers in Behshahr city during 2016-2017.Methods: The method utilized in this study is the Applied and Descriptive method. Statistical populations of this study include 188 pregnant women referred to all health centers of Behshahr city during 2016-2017. Data collection was done using a self-questionnaire and its validity and reliability was ascertained by a specialist and Chronbach Alpha method. Descriptive statistics, statistical test and SPSS software (version 17) were used for data analysis.Results: Findings show that "information about the health of embryo" is the most important information need among pregnant people. Also women say that "Gynecologists" and "Specialist" are the most important resources of access to information, although there are other significant sources such as telegram networks, social media and mobile phones.. In addition, meaningful differences have been seen between some "Information needs" and "resources of access to information" based on pregnant demographic factors".Conclusion: Pregnant women require diverse sources of information during the term of their pregnancy.. The importance of this information is reported to be high but specialists and managers of health systems can be effective providing in health knowledge and literacy for pregnant women by planning, making policy and regular trainings and educations.

Municipal wastewater is one of the largest volumes of wastewater which contains various organic compounds from proteins and fats to carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Municipal wastewater of Behshahr city (Mazandaran, Iran) was evaluated using aluminum sulfate and iron chloride as chemical coagulants and pectin and sodium alginate as natural ones. Biological oxygen demand was investigated at different temperatures and coagulant concentrations. The fraction of full factorial statistical method and Qualitek-4 software were applied for designing experiments and analyzing the results to determine the optimal conditions for achieving the highest reduction in wastewater organic load and biological oxygen demand. In the case of biological oxygen demand, the optimal condition was achieved at 25° C, using 1, 0. 02, 1. 5 and 1 g/L of aluminum sulfate, sodium alginate, iron chloride and pectin, respectively. Under the optimal condition, the percentage of biological oxygen demand reduction was equal to 34. 5%. Maximum BOD removal of 40. 9% was obtained at 25° C using aluminum sulfate, sodium alginate, iron chloride, and pectin at concentrations of 0. 6, 0. 02, 1. 5, and 6 g/L, respectively. The contribution of aluminum sulfate, sodium alginate, iron chloride, and pectin concentration in biological oxygen demand removal of the studied wastewater was 3. 8%, 22. 4%, 16. 3%, and 14. 4%, respectively. Coagulation temperature and aluminum sulfate concentration with approximately 42. 7% and 3. 8% contribution values were determined as the most and the least effective factors in biological oxygen demand reduction.

Background: The United Nations in a resolution defined abuse as any violent act that is primarily or exclusively committed against females and results in physical, sexual and psychological harm. Objectives: The aim of this research was to study the contributing factors of husband’ s violence against females residing in the city of Behshahr, Iran. Materials and Methods: We distributed a specifically designed questionnaire among 380 married females aged between 15 and 65 years. According to the Morgan table, the subjects were randomly selected from a list of 301000 females. Demographic data and data on spouse abuse were then analyzed using the SPSS software, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. According to Cronbach’ s alpha, the reliability of the questionnaire was 0. 96. Results: All of the females reported at least one form of violence within the past year, with R square 0. 20, indicating that the independent variable can explain 20% of the violence against females. years of marriage, female’ s education, male’ s addiction and the number of children each had their share in the explanation of violence against females. Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of domestic violence in the sample population. Violence existed among all ages, social categories and male occupational groups, and also involved both employed and unemployed females. The situation regarding domestic abuse is similar worldwide.